Bharat Secure Digital Identity (BSDI): A Policy Framework for Privacy, National Security, and Citizen Sovereignty

Abstract

Description This preprint presents the Bharat Secure Digital Identity (BSDI) framework, a conceptual policy model for privacy-preserving and citizen-centric digital identity governance. The paper explores how decentralized identity technologies—including Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs), Verifiable Credentials (VCs), and Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs)—may support secure digital verification while minimizing unnecessary disclosure of personal information. BSDI proposes a governance model in which citizens retain primary control over their digital identity through secure digital wallets, the government serves as a trusted root issuer, and digital service providers function as cryptographic verifiers without retaining sensitive identity data. The framework also discusses lawful and targeted access mechanisms for national security within transparent legal oversight. This work is intended as a conceptual research and policy proposal rather than an implemented technical system. It aims to contribute to ongoing discussions on digital identity, privacy, cybersecurity, digital governance, and citizen sovereignty, and to encourage future interdisciplinary research, policy development, and public debate.