Secure and Transparent Space Exploration Data Management Using a Hybrid Blockchain Model

Abstract

This study proposes a hybrid blockchain system for secure and transparent data management in multinational space missions. By combining public and private blockchains, the model enables open access to non-sensitive data while protecting confidential mission records. Data integrity is ensured through cryptographic proofs without exposing the underlying content, and a cross-chain protocol enables real-time synchronization between chains without relying on centralized intermediaries. The system was implemented using Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric and tested with real extravehicular activity data. Results show that it effectively detects data tampering, enforces access control, and synchronizes records with low latency. Compared to traditional centralized systems, this approach offers improved resilience, auditability, and trust across organizations. It provides a practical foundation for future space data infrastructures requiring both transparency and confidentiality.