Comprehensive Review on Vehicle Verification and Authentication Using Blockchain Technology

Abstract

The shortcomings of centralized authentication have led to a move toward decentralized, tamper-resistant solutions as vehicle networks develop. An organized review of blockchain and cryptographic techniques for vehicle authentication and verification is presented in this study. It divides existing approaches into identity management models (decentralized IDs, PKI-less systems), cryptographic techniques (ECC, zero-knowledge proofs, group signatures), consensus mechanisms (PBFT, PoW, DPoS), and hybrid blockchain-IoT frameworks. The analysis examines trade-offs between security, latency, and scalability while presenting a novel taxonomy that matches focused solutions with risks unique to VANETs, like message forgery and Sybil attacks. The increasing use of privacy-preserving authentication techniques and the possibility of post-quantum secure blockchain systems are highlighted. Important insights for boosting resilience and confidence in next vehicle systems are provided by this work.