Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Security from a New Layered Perspective and a Novel MITRE ATT&CK-based Approach for Understanding Cyberattacks and Mitigating Their Impacts

Abstract

This paper comprehensively examines cyberattacks targeting blockchain networks and systems, inspects attacks at different blockchain layers, and adapts MITRE ATT&CK concepts to the blockchain and cryptocurrency context. It identifies the most common attack methods used by cybercriminals. This research underscores that attacks can occur at various layers of the blockchain, including the Data, Consensus, Execution, and Application layers, which implies the importance of understanding the different layers of the blockchain and the potential security risks associated with each layer. The findings stress that no single layer is immune to cyberattacks, and each requires a distinctive approach to secure blockchain platforms. By defining prominent cyberattacks on the blockchain, this paper analyzes cyberattacks and their related recommendations for enhancing the security of the blockchain platform from a layered perspective and MITRE ATT&CK approach. These recommendations include robust consensus protocol selection, secure coding, regularly executing updates, using protection tools, and social engineering sensibilization. Furthermore, this paper highlights the pivotal role of developers and industry professionals in prioritizing the platform’s security throughout the entire development lifecycle to prevent potential security risks. Finally, this work’s recommendations aim to empower developers and industry professionals to secure their Blockchain systems against cyberattacks, thereby enhancing the security and reliability of blockchain technology.