On-Site Water Reuse Systems: A Sustainable Approach for Urban Water Management in Nigeria

Abstract

Purpose: This study examines the potential of on-site water reuse (OSWR) systems as sustainable solutions to Nigeria’s growing urban water challenges, assessing technological, socio-cultural, economic, and regulatory dimensions to determine their role in improving resilience and equity. Methodology: A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases, covering studies from 2015 to 2025. From over 400 initially identified publications, 100 were retained after applying the inclusion criteria. Thematic analysis was employed to evaluate the technological options, financial models, socio-cultural perceptions, and governance structures that influence OSWR adoption. Findings: Evidence suggests that low-cost technologies, such as biosand and ceramic filtration, ultraviolet disinfection, and modular greywater systems, are technically feasible and locally adaptable. Economic assessments highlight long-term cost savings; however, the upfront capital intensity requires innovative financing mechanisms. Socio-cultural barriers—including mistrust, hygiene concerns, and low awareness—remain significant, while regulatory frameworks are fragmented and lack explicit guidelines for decentralized reuse. Case studies in Lagos and Abuja confirm feasibility but reveal gaps in policy enforcement and sustained investment. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: OSWR systems are a viable pathway to strengthen urban water security, reduce reliance on centralized supply, and enhance resilience in Nigeria. Success requires governance reforms, participatory community engagement, targeted subsidies, and innovative financing (e.g., climate funds, PPPs). Embedding OSWR into national policy and urban planning frameworks is essential for long-term sustainability.