Transparent and Scalable E-Voting Framework Using Zero-Knowledge Rollups on Blockchain

Abstract

In contemporary democracies, the security, openness, and confidentiality of electronic voting systems are paramount. Due to concerns with scalability and voter privacy, blockchain technology is not yet ready for usage in national-scale elections, despite its immutability and auditability. Using the State Assembly Election as case study, this paper elaborate a e-voting framework that uses Zero-Knowledge Rollups (zk-Rollups) to guarantee scalable, privacy-preserving, and tamper-evident vote recording on the blockchain. Layer-2 zk-Rollup, which is integrated into the architecture with IoT and embedded systems, generates concise cryptographic proofs of vote validity without disclosing individual choices, offloading computationally intensive voting transactions. By validating these proofs on the blockchain, petrol costs are drastically reduced and throughput is greatly improved. Embedded systems also incorporate cryptographic primitives such as zk-SNARKs, Merkle trees, and homomorphic commitments to safeguard against double-voting, end-to-end verifiability, and voter anonymity. This framework provides a viable, secure, and future-proof solution for transparent and scalable e-voting in civic and organisational contexts, it offers a prototype implementation using Zero-Knowledge Rollups on Blockchain with IoT and embedded system integration.