A Blockchain based Secured Land Registration System using Dynamic Smart Contracts

Abstract

Land registration systems in many regions suffer from issues of forgery, inefficiency, lack of transparency, and costly manual intervention. In this paper, we introduce a secured land registration framework based on blockchain technology, where the dynamic social contracts implemented will be used to automate property transactions and will guarantee the integrity of the data, its security and traceability. The architecture of the system combines dynamic smart contracts (complex legal logic) to support a permissioned blockchain (Hyperledger Fabric), and decentralized off-chains storage (IPFS) to handle large documents. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) and biometric along with PKI-based digital identity verification supports the secure stakeholder authentication. It supports low-latency, high-throughput operation with the use of Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) consensus which is appropriate to real-time land transfers. Thorough benchmarking has been done in terms of system performance measured by various parameters, such as transaction time, throughput, cost of gas, the latency of the update of ownership, and auditability of smart contracts. Proposed system has also significantly minimized the errors used in both traditional systems and the accuracy in transactions stood at 99.84%. The average ownership transfer time was decreased to 420ms versus 5600ms, and throughput was above 175 TPS, beating both public blockchains and centralized databases. In addition, the system has undergone all of the both significant smart contract security audits, as well as tests of reentrancy, DoS, and access control breaches. The paper shows that the combination of blockchain and adaptive smart contract may achieve the modernization of land registration providing its clients with safe, transparent, and efficient services. The system has a high likelihood of being implemented in the land governance infrastructure where legal compliance, real-time update facility and fraud resistant are king.