Conference on Latin American History Awards 2000

Abstract

distinguished service awardDauril Alden, University of Washingtonherbert e. bolton memorial prizeFriedrich Katz, The Life and Times of Pancho Villa, Stanford University Press, 1998 José C. Moya, Cousins and Strangers: Spanish Immigrants in Buenos Aires, 1850–1930, University of California Press, 1998conference on latin american history prizeErik Ching and Virginia Tilley, “Indians, the Military and the Rebellion of 1932 in El Salvador,” Journal of Latin American Studies 30, no. 1 (1998)james a. robertson memorial awardKatherine E. Bliss, “The Science of Redemption: Syphilis, Sexual Promiscuity, and Reformism in Revolutionary Mexico City,” HAHR 79, no. 1 (1999)tibesar prizeFrancie Robin Chassen de López, “Maderismo or Mixtec Empire? Class and Ethnicity in the Mexican Revolution, Costa Chica of Oaxaca, 1911,” The Americas 55, no. 1 (1998)Honorable Mention: Cynthia Radding, “Crosses, Caves, and Matachinis: Divergent Appropriations of Catholic Discourse in Northwestern New Spain,” The Americas 55, no. 2 (1998)lewis hanke prizePatrice Elizabeth Olsen, Stephen F. Austin State University, “Artifacts of Revolution: Architecture, Society, and Politics in Mexico City, 1920–1940”the lydia cabrera awardJane Landers, Vanderbilt University, “Afro-Floridian Exiles in Cuba, 1763 and 1821”james r. scobie memorial awardGregory Spira, Georgetown University, “Rebellion, Resistance, and Cultural Change: Popular Reactions to the Bourbon Reforms, San Luis Potosí, 1767–1810”Honorable Mention: Annalyda Alvarez Calderón, State University of New York, Stony Brook, “Peasant Revolts, Intellectuals and the State: Ideology and National Identities under Leguía’s Patria Nueva”Papers in this session centered around links between local elites and provincial interests on the one hand, and early definitions of the Brazilian monarchy and state, on the other. Kirsten Schultz’s (Columbia University) paper, “The Foundation of Royal Authority in the Brazilian Empire (1808–1821),” examined the process of redefining the ideals and practices of Portuguese royal authority in Brazil during the residence of the Portuguese king in Rio de Janeiro. The transfer of the royal court was understood to be the greatest of all revolutions in the existing political system, and royal officials and Brazilians alike pursued a critique of the inequality that had existed under colonialism. Yet, the acclamation of a “new Lusitanian empire” was gradually conflated with the emergence of an “Empire of Brazil,” and from this it required only the adoption of constitutionalism in Portugal to progress to the point where, as constitutionalists put it, “the Kings are Kings, when and where the peoples want.” As a new political language emerged, the discourse began to define “the nation” as a distinct and autonomous Brazil rather than as a renewed union with Portugal.Jeffrey D. Needell (University of Florida) was the organizer of the session. His paper, “Provincial Origins of the State: The Province of Rio de Janeiro, the Monarchy, and National Political Organization, 1808–1853,” addressed the origins in the province of Rio de Janeiro of the reactionary centralist movement that would eventually become the Conservative Party. During the minority of Pedro II from 1831 to 1840, the movement coalesced in response to the decentralizing liberal reforms of 1831–34, but this party reversed those reforms after it came to power. Needell’s primary focus was a consideration of the economic and social interests and regional bases of this party of the Regresso, thereby analyzing the ideologies and actors involved in state-making. This movement dominated the imperial government by the late 1840s and its vision—centralized, authoritarian, and monarchical—largely became the imperial vision under Pedro II.Jeffrey C. Mosher’s (Texas Tech University) paper, “Elite Divisions and the Choice for Monarchy in Pernambuco, 1831–1853,” looked at divisions among provincial elites and their relationship with political parties and the imperial court in Rio de Janeiro. Mosher considered a particularly interesting example: the province of Pernambuco during the dominance of the Cavalcanti de Albuquerque and Regos Barros families, a classic regional oligarchy in every sense. Mosher showed how this extended family was divided internally in ideology, resisted by other elite families located north of Recife, and opposed by the rise of a major new liberal movement. Disputes over provincial power even forced conservatives from Pernambuco into open defiance of the emperor over the selection of lifetime senators from the province. Yet, to protect their own interests, local conservatives had to stand by the throne, which was in some ways their own creation.The theme of regionalism continued in Judy Bieber’s (University of New Mexico) paper entitled “Liberals, Pardos, and Pés de Chumbo: Nativism, Ideology and Partisan Politics in the Sertão Mineiro, Brazil, 1831–1850.” Politics in the rural hinterland of the Comarca do Rio São Francisco of Minas Gerais, she argued, were no more immune to the influence of ideology and party than were those in the coastal cities. The contest over definition of the Brazilian identity and state extended even to this distant region and was often seen in contests over control of municipal governments and resources. Electoral violence first appeared in the region in 1849, introduced by the Conservative provincial president of the day to insure the electoral victory of conservatives. With the loss of local autonomy came greater violence, often induced by outside intervention. Local and national politics were intimately linked, as the development of a centralized political machine that could control local elections created an institutionalized form of patronage, which in turn this distant region was into the national by session E. 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