Decentralised renewable energy in sub-Saharan Africa: A critical review of pathways to equitable and sustainable energy transitions

Abstract

This critical review examines decentralised renewable energy (DRE) systems as game changers for sustainable energy access in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Although rich in renewable resources, over 570 million people in rural communities lack electricity. Traditional energy models, shaped by colonial histories and marked by inefficiencies, have failed to meet the continent's diverse energy needs. DRE systems provide flexible, community-focused solutions that promote energy equity, foster economic growth, and enhance climate resilience. Using Critical Juncture Theory and the Rational Choice Model, this study examines factors influencing DRE adoption. Analyses show how DRE encourages energy democracy, local ownership, and aligns with Sustainable Development Goals, including SDG 7 (Clean Energy) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). However, these systems face obstacles like fragmented policies, insufficient funding, technical gaps, and governance issues. Case studies from Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, and Ethiopia demonstrate implementation strategies, revealing supportive environments and challenges. This review synthesises policy discussions, highlights innovations like pay-as-you-go financing and digitalisation and outlines an integrated energy planning roadmap. Recommendations include regulatory reforms, blended financing models, capacity-building initiatives, and regional cooperation. This paper argues that decentralisation should be viewed not as a temporary measure but as a foundation for energy strategies. With visionary leadership, collaborative governance, and targeted investments, decentralised systems can transform Sub-Saharan Africa's energy future, prioritising equity, resilience, and sustainability. • Decentralized renewable energy (DRE) is paving the way for fair energy access across Sub-Saharan Africa. • ii. DRE systems are all about empowering communities, promoting energy democracy, and building resilience against climate change. • iii. Unfortunately, there are policy, financial, and technical hurdles that hold back the widespread adoption of DRE in the area. • iv. Various case studies showcase a range of DRE strategies and creative financing solutions. • v. For a successful shift to sustainable energy, integrated policy reforms and regional collaboration are essential.