Distributed MOM and Smart Factories Operating Systems Towards Industry 5.0

Abstract

Against the backdrop of the Industry 5.0 transformation, traditional centralized Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) struggle to meet the complex demands of flexible and small-batch production. This paper proposes a four-level distributed architecture oriented toward human-centric manufacturing, encompassing Manufacturing Units (UMS), Production Lines (PL-MES), Workshops (MOM), and Factories (MOM), supporting dynamic reconfiguration and resource optimization from the unit level to cross-factory operations. Building on this, the study designs a smart factory operating system architecture based on ‘cloud-edge-end’ collaboration, achieving vertical integration of equipment, systems, and business processes through an industrial internet platform. Leveraging intelligent connectivity gateways and modular microservices, the architecture constructs a decentralized decision-making chain. Innovatively integrating multi-agent systems and federated learning, the architecture significantly enhances the autonomous decision-making capabilities of manufacturing units and cross-level collaboration efficiency. Additionally, the system supports rapid deployment for small and medium-sized enterprises through low-code toolchains, lowering technical barriers. This research provides a theoretical framework and technical pathway for human-machine collaborative manufacturing in the Industry 5.0 era, driving the paradigm shift of manufacturing systems from rigid control to ecological self-organization, laying a solid foundation for the sustainable development of future smart factories