Commit-Reveal$^2$: Securing Randomness Beacons with Randomized Reveal Order in Smart Contracts

Abstract

Simple commit-reveal beacons are vulnerable to last-revealer strategies, and existing descriptions often leave accountability and recovery mechanisms unspecified for practical deployments. We present Commit-Reveal$^2$, a layered design for blockchain deployments that cryptographically randomizes the final reveal order, together with a concrete accountability and fallback mechanism that we implement as smart-contract logic. The protocol is architected as a hybrid system, where routine coordination runs off chain for efficiency and the blockchain acts as the trust anchor for commitments and the final arbiter for disputes. Our implementation covers leader coordination, on-chain verification, slashing for non-cooperation, and an explicit on-chain recovery path that maintains progress when off-chain coordination fails. We formally define two security goals for distributed randomness beacons, unpredictability and bit-wise bias resistance, and we show that Commit-Reveal$^2$ meets these notions under standard hash assumptions in the random-oracle model. In measurements with small to moderate operator sets, the hybrid design reduces on-chain gas by more than 80% compared to a fully on-chain baseline. We release a publicly verifiable prototype and evaluation artifacts to support replication and adoption in blockchain applications.