Does Blockchain Qualify as Secret-free Immutable Storage?

Abstract

In this study, we demonstrate that blockchain is an efficient secret-free immutable storage system that guarantees not only the integrity of data but also the integrity of the smart contract and its execution results (i.e., transaction receipt) without a secret key. In short, blockchains eliminate the need for secret key management by storage managers. For example, the secure storage of non-fungible token (NFT) history on a blockchain can also be achieved without the secret key of the NFT marketplace