Blockchain and Smart Cities for Inclusive and Sustainable Communities: A Bibliometric and Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

Smart Cities are urban areas that leverage technological solutions to enhance the management and efficiency of traditional networks for the benefit of their residents and businesses. This paper presents a systematic literature review based on the SPAR-4-SLR protocol, aimed at analyzing the literature and the progress in Smart Cities research. It specifically focuses on the impact of blockchain technology on the urban environment and its potential to contribute to the development of inclusive and sustainable communities, including financial systems with similar characteristics to serve these societies. The findings reveal a lack of research on practical applications of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) and blockchain in developing the financial ecosystem of Smart Cities. To address this gap, a future research agenda is proposed, highlighting several research questions that could be useful for academics and practitioners interested in exploring the development of Smart Cities' financial systems. It also highlights the potential of blockchain technology for the real estate market, which is a crucial component of urban organization in smart city constructions. Blockchain can provide a secure and transparent land registry system that reduces fraud, streamlines property transactions, and enhances land management. Therefore, research is needed to develop blockchain-based solutions for land registration, title verification, and property taxation in smart city governance.