A Cyber-Physical Blockchain System for Plastic Credit Tokenization in Sustainable Waste Management

Abstract

Plastic pollution poses an escalating global threat, with Indonesia ranked among the largest contributors to marine plastic leakage due to inadequate waste management systems. Although blockchain technology has been increasingly applied to enhance transparency in various sectors, its direct integration into plastic waste management remains underexplored. This study proposes a blockchain-based cyberphysical system (CPS) that utilizes fungible tokens (FTs) to represent verified plastic recycling activities and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) as immutable certificates of plastic offset achievements. Smart contracts were developed in Solidity and tested on a local Ganache blockchain by executing 100 sequential minting transactions. Validation results demonstrated an average confirmation time of approximately 1.388 seconds per transaction, indicating strong system performance under continuous load. The proposed model offers a decentralized, verifiable approach to plastic credit management, supporting Indonesia’s efforts toward Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 12 and 14.