EKOLOŠKI IZAZOVI RUDARENJA KRIPTOVALUTA: ENERGETSKA POTROŠNJA, ELEKTRONSKI OTPAD I ODGOVOR REGULATORNIH OKVIRA

Abstract

Cryptocurrency mining, particularly for Proof-of-Work (PoW) based currencies, poses significant environmental challenges due to excessive energy consumption, high levels of electronic waste, and substantial carbon footprint. This activity requires computing power with an energy demand comparable to that of entire nations, contributing to climate change through CO₂ emissions from fossil fuel-based energy sources. Additionally, the rapid obsolescence of mining equipment generates enormous amounts of e-waste, while air pollution from energy production harms human health. To mitigate these issues, the European Union's Green Deal aims for climate neutrality, including regulation of energy-intensive industries like crypto mining. For instance, France has adopted the Loi REEN (Régulation Énergie Électronique et Numérique), which limits the energy impact of digital technologies, including cryptocurrencies. While these regulations do not outright ban PoW mining, they establish frameworks for energy efficiency and sustainability, potentially leading to stricter measures in the future. This research highlights the need to transition toward more environmentally sustainable alternatives, such as Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchains, to reduce the ecological impact of cryptocurrencies.