Farm-to-Fork: Blockchain and IoT-Based Solution for Enhancing Food Supply Chain Safety and Transparency in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Traditional food supply chains are plagued by issues related to transparency, traceability, and food safety, resulting in inefficiencies, delays, and risks of contamination. In Saudi Arabia, operations within many supply chains rely on centralized systems without any possibilities for tracking origins of the product, conditions monitored, or conformity with regulatory guidelines guaranteed. Farm-to-Fork is a blockchainbased food supply chain management platform that seeks to address these problems through the use of Ethereum smart contracts, IoT temperature monitoring, and a decentralized framework mainly in the Saudi Arabian ecosystem. Built incrementally using Agile methodology and tools like Solidity, Truffle, and Web3.js, the platform offers secure, automated, and transparent transactions. Data was collected through interviews and surveys with manufacturers, distributors, and retailers, indicating that $76.7 \%$ of the stakeholder’s experience visibility issues, $66.7 \%$ experience contamination detection issues, and $90 \%$ think blockchain would improve transparency and data security. Farm-to-Fork offers traceability automated temperature validation, and tamper-proof records, significantly improving efficiency, accountability, transparency, and food safety regulation enforcement, the platform offers verifiable, secure, and trustless supply chain processes, an improved standard of food traceability for Saudi Arabia.