A Framework for Smart Traceability of Athletic Equipment Using Distributed Ledger Technology in the Sports Industry

Abstract

In this study, the authors developed a smart traceability framework for athletic equipment using distributed ledger technology. They conducted their research to address persistent gaps in authenticity, life cycle visibility, and fan-side provenance across the sports equipment ecosystem. The framework was designed through a design-science approach, integrating Internet of Things sensors, digital twins, Electronic Product Code Information Services logistics data, and retail/resale events into a unified distributed ledger technology architecture governed by smart contracts. Simulation results show high validation accuracy, strong life cycle coverage, stable ledger performance, and reliable ownership transfers across manufacturing, field use, and secondary markets. These findings indicate that end-to-end, tamper-resistant traceability can significantly improve trust, operational transparency, and fan engagement in real-world sports equipment environments.