A Review of Smart Building Management Systems: CPS Applications for Energy-Efficient Monitoring and Control

Abstract

Cyber-physical Systems (CPS) are increasingly utilized by Smart Building Management Systems (SBMS) to achieve intelligent, energy-efficient operations. The significant energy footprint of buildings (approximately 40% of worldwide energy use) and the desire to improve sustainability without compromising occupant comfort are the primary drivers of this movement. However, complicated cybersecurity issues are also brought about by the close integration of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, automated controls, and networked management. In this study, we provide a comprehensive examination of CPS-based smart building monitoring and control technologies, exploring how state-of-the-art sensors, data analytics, and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered decision engines are utilized to enhance responsiveness and energy efficiency. We present a comparison between contemporary CPS-enabled SBMS and conventional building management systems, emphasizing the enhancements in security, flexibility, and energy efficiency. A thorough analysis of energy optimization processes demonstrates how machine learning algorithms and feedback loops may dynamically strike a balance between efficiency and comfort. We also examine new security models being developed to defend these cyber-physical infrastructures against attacks. This survey is unique because it comprehensively covers recent CPS developments and identifies emerging trends that will influence next-generation smart building management, including blockchain, Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO)based decentralized management architectures, and federated learning for collaborative optimization. In addition to outlining substantial obstacles and future research opportunities, our findings highlight the crucial role that CPS plays in enabling safe, self-sufficient, and sustainable buildings.